{
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    {
      "id": "publishing",
      "title": "What the government publishes, and where",
      "blurb": "Almost everything on this site starts as a document the government was required to publish. These are the publications themselves."
    },
    {
      "id": "agencies",
      "title": "How agencies make rules",
      "blurb": "Congress passes a law; an agency usually has to write the rules that make it operate. That second step is most of what the Federal Register contains."
    },
    {
      "id": "congress",
      "title": "How Congress moves a bill",
      "blurb": "The vocabulary of the floor schedule and the sponsorship record — what the House says it may take up this week, and who put each measure forward."
    },
    {
      "id": "method",
      "title": "How we handle the record",
      "blurb": "Words for what we do to a document after we fetch it. Several of these are ours rather than the government’s, and the entries say which."
    },
    {
      "id": "surfaces",
      "title": "What is on this site",
      "blurb": "Each published page and machine endpoint, and what it is for."
    }
  ],
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    {
      "slug": "federal-register",
      "term": "The Federal Register",
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      "plain": "The federal government’s daily newspaper, published every business day, in which agencies are required by law to print what they are doing before it counts.",
      "more": "It is not a summary or a news source. It is the place a rule legally has to appear, which is why an agency publishing something there is a fact you can check rather than an announcement you have to trust. A typical issue runs a few hundred documents.",
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        "kind": "statute"
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      "where_you_see_it": "Every document on the daily issue came from here.",
      "url": "/plain/#federal-register"
    },
    {
      "slug": "public-inspection",
      "term": "Public inspection",
      "category": "publishing",
      "plain": "A document that has been filed for publication but has not been published yet, made available early — usually one business day ahead.",
      "more": "It is the same document, seen sooner. A document on public inspection can still be withdrawn before it publishes, so it is a genuine preview rather than a guarantee, and we label it as one.",
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        "label": "44 U.S.C. § 1503",
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        "kind": "statute"
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        "src.fr.pi.current",
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      "where_you_see_it": "The daily issue flags documents that were on public inspection first.",
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    },
    {
      "slug": "cfr",
      "term": "The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)",
      "category": "publishing",
      "plain": "The rulebook that all the individual rules add up to — the Federal Register is what changed today, the CFR is what the rules currently say.",
      "more": "Organised into 50 titles by subject. When a final rule takes effect, its text is folded into the CFR, and the rule itself becomes the historical record of the change.",
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        "label": "eCFR — the continuously updated edition",
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        "kind": "official"
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        "federal-register",
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      "slug": "presidential-document",
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      "category": "publishing",
      "plain": "Written directions issued by the President — an executive order and a presidential memorandum both instruct the executive branch, and a proclamation is usually ceremonial or trade-related.",
      "more": "Executive orders are published in the Federal Register as a matter of course. Memoranda are published less consistently, which is a gap we track rather than paper over: some appear on whitehouse.gov and never in the Register at all.",
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        "label": "Federal Register — presidential documents",
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        "kind": "official"
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      "lexicon": null,
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      "url": "/plain/#presidential-document"
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    {
      "slug": "public-law",
      "term": "Public law, Statutes at Large, and the U.S. Code",
      "category": "publishing",
      "plain": "Three names for the same statute at three stages: a public law is a bill after it is signed, the Statutes at Large is the bound record of it exactly as enacted, and the U.S. Code is that text filed into a subject-organised shelf.",
      "more": "This matters because they cite differently. “Pub. L. 119-101” identifies the act; “12 U.S.C. § 1701” identifies where a piece of it now lives. A rule almost always cites the Code, because that is where its authority sits after filing — which is why the Code, not the public law, is the durable way to connect a rule to the statute behind it.",
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        "label": "1 U.S.C. § 112 (Statutes at Large) · 1 U.S.C. § 204 (the Code)",
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        "kind": "statute"
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      "lexicon": "public-law",
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    {
      "slug": "agency",
      "term": "Agency",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "The part of the executive branch that actually carries out a law — the EPA, the FAA, the Treasury Department and about six hundred others.",
      "more": "Congress writes a law in general terms and hands it to an agency to make operational. A single document can be issued by more than one agency at once, which is why counts on this site can look higher than the number of documents.",
      "canonical": {
        "label": "Federal Register — agency list",
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        "kind": "official"
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      "lexicon": null,
      "see_also": [
        "rule",
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      "covers": [
        "src.agency.pages"
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      "where_you_see_it": "Every agency with activity gets its own page on the daily issue.",
      "url": "/plain/#agency"
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    {
      "slug": "rule",
      "term": "Rule (and “final rule”)",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "An agency’s binding instruction with the force of law — the thing that actually changes what you are allowed to do.",
      "more": "The word is broader in law than in speech: a rule can set a standard, license a product, or fix a price. “Final” does not mean permanent, only that the agency has finished this round and the rule now binds.",
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      "lexicon": "final-rule",
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      "covers": [],
      "where_you_see_it": "Counted separately from notices on every day page.",
      "url": "/plain/#rule"
    },
    {
      "slug": "proposed-rule",
      "term": "Proposed rule",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "A draft rule an agency publishes to say what it intends to do and to ask the public what they think, before it binds anybody.",
      "more": "It is the step that creates a deadline you can act on. A proposed rule is not law and may never become law — agencies withdraw them, and some sit for years.",
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        "label": "5 U.S.C. § 553 — notice and comment",
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        "kind": "statute"
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      "url": "/plain/#proposed-rule"
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    {
      "slug": "comment-period",
      "term": "Comment period",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "The window during which anyone — a person, a company, a city — can file a written response to a proposed rule, and the agency has to consider what comes in.",
      "more": "It is the most concrete thing on this site, because it closes on a specific date and after that date the opportunity is gone. That is why comment deadlines are pulled out and dated rather than left inside the document text.",
      "canonical": {
        "label": "5 U.S.C. § 553(c)",
        "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/553",
        "kind": "statute"
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      "lexicon": "notice-and-comment",
      "see_also": [
        "proposed-rule",
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      "covers": [],
      "where_you_see_it": "Listed under “dated obligations” on each day page.",
      "url": "/plain/#comment-period"
    },
    {
      "slug": "notice",
      "term": "Notice",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "A Federal Register document that announces something without changing a rule — a meeting, a funding opportunity, an information collection, a decision on one application.",
      "more": "Notices are the bulk of most issues by count and the least uniform in importance. A notice can be routine or it can be the only public record that a programme is ending.",
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        "label": "Federal Register — document categories",
        "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/reader-aids/understanding-the-federal-register",
        "kind": "official"
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      "lexicon": null,
      "see_also": [
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        "federal-register"
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      "where_you_see_it": null,
      "url": "/plain/#notice"
    },
    {
      "slug": "effective-date",
      "term": "Effective date",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "The date a rule starts binding, which is usually not the date it was published — 30 days later is the common case.",
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      "canonical": {
        "label": "5 U.S.C. § 553(d)",
        "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/553",
        "kind": "statute"
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      "lexicon": "effective-date",
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      "where_you_see_it": null,
      "url": "/plain/#effective-date"
    },
    {
      "slug": "docket",
      "term": "Docket",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "The folder holding everything filed on one rulemaking — the proposal, every comment received, and the supporting studies.",
      "more": null,
      "canonical": {
        "label": "Regulations.gov",
        "url": "https://www.regulations.gov/",
        "kind": "official"
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      "lexicon": "docket-id",
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        "comment-period"
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      "covers": [
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      "where_you_see_it": null,
      "url": "/plain/#docket"
    },
    {
      "slug": "unified-agenda",
      "term": "The Unified Agenda",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "A list agencies publish roughly twice a year of the rules they expect to work on, with dates they expect to hit.",
      "more": "Those dates are the agency’s own estimate of its own future, and they slip often. We store the estimate as a stated intention, never as a schedule.",
      "canonical": {
        "label": "E.O. 12866 § 4 — regulatory planning",
        "url": "https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12866.pdf",
        "kind": "rule"
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      "lexicon": "unified-agenda",
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      "covers": [
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      "where_you_see_it": null,
      "url": "/plain/#unified-agenda"
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    {
      "slug": "rin",
      "term": "RIN (Regulation Identifier Number)",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "A tracking number that follows one rulemaking from the agency’s plan through to the final rule, so the stages can be tied together.",
      "more": null,
      "canonical": {
        "label": "reginfo.gov — the Unified Agenda",
        "url": "https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaMain",
        "kind": "official"
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      "lexicon": "rin",
      "see_also": [
        "unified-agenda",
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      "covers": [],
      "where_you_see_it": null,
      "url": "/plain/#rin"
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    {
      "slug": "delegation",
      "term": "Delegation",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "Congress handing an agency the authority — and sometimes the deadline — to work out the details of a law.",
      "more": "This is the hinge the whole site turns on. A law that delegates is a law whose real effects are decided later, by an agency, in the Federal Register, often years after the vote that made the news.",
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        "label": "5 U.S.C. § 551(4)–(5)",
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        "kind": "statute"
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      "lexicon": "delegation",
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      "covers": [],
      "where_you_see_it": null,
      "url": "/plain/#delegation"
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    {
      "slug": "authority-line",
      "term": "Authority line",
      "category": "agencies",
      "plain": "The line near the end of a rule where the agency names the statute that lets it issue the rule at all.",
      "more": "It almost always cites the U.S. Code rather than the public law, which is why connecting a rule back to the act of Congress behind it is harder than it sounds — the two sides of that join are written in different notation.",
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        "label": "1 CFR § 21.43 — authority citations",
        "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-1/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-21",
        "kind": "rule"
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      "see_also": [
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      "where_you_see_it": null,
      "url": "/plain/#authority-line"
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    {
      "slug": "bill",
      "term": "Bill, resolution, and measure",
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      "plain": "A bill is a proposed law; a resolution is a proposal that mostly governs Congress itself; “measure” is the umbrella word for either.",
      "more": "Identifiers look like H.R. 6644 (a House bill) or S. 1234 (a Senate bill), and the number restarts each two-year Congress — which is why the Congress number has to travel with it to mean anything.",
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        "label": "GovInfo — bill types and what each is for",
        "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/help/bills",
        "kind": "official"
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        "sponsor",
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        "src.congress.actions"
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      "where_you_see_it": "Every row on Floor Radar is a measure.",
      "url": "/plain/#bill"
    },
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      "slug": "sponsor",
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      "category": "congress",
      "plain": "The sponsor is the single member who introduced a measure; cosponsors are the members who signed on afterwards to show support.",
      "more": "Cosponsorship is a public signal, not a vote, and it does not bind anybody. It is useful mainly as evidence of who in which state has attached their name to a thing before it reaches the floor.",
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        "label": "U.S. Senate — glossary of legislative terms",
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        "kind": "official"
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      "see_also": [
        "bill",
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      "where_you_see_it": "The sponsor column on every Floor Radar week.",
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    {
      "slug": "floor-schedule",
      "term": "Floor schedule",
      "category": "congress",
      "plain": "The list the House publishes each week of what it may take up on the floor — which is a plan, not a promise, and the House revises it.",
      "more": "A week with no schedule published is almost always a recess. We record that absence as a finding rather than showing an empty page, because “they published nothing” and “we failed to look” are different facts.",
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        "label": "docs.house.gov — weekly floor schedule",
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        "kind": "official"
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        "src.house.floor",
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      "where_you_see_it": "The whole of Floor Radar.",
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    {
      "slug": "suspension",
      "term": "Suspension of the rules",
      "category": "congress",
      "plain": "A fast track the House uses for measures expected to be uncontroversial: debate is capped, amendments are barred, and passage needs two-thirds instead of a simple majority.",
      "more": "Seeing a measure listed under suspension tells you the leadership expects it to pass easily. It does not tell you it will.",
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      "where_you_see_it": "One of the postures shown against each measure on Floor Radar.",
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    {
      "slug": "roll-call",
      "term": "Roll call vote",
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      "plain": "A recorded vote in which each member’s individual yes or no is published, as opposed to a voice vote where only the outcome is.",
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        "kind": "statute"
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      "lexicon": "roll-call-vote",
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      "url": "/plain/#roll-call"
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    {
      "slug": "provision",
      "term": "Provision",
      "category": "congress",
      "plain": "One numbered piece of a law — a section or a subsection — as opposed to the whole act.",
      "more": "Working at this size is the central choice behind this project. A 900-page act is not one thing that succeeds or fails; it is hundreds of separate instructions, and they land at different times, in different agencies, with different results.",
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        "label": "Office of the Law Revision Counsel — how the Code is organised",
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        "kind": "official"
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      "lexicon": "provision",
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      "url": "/plain/#provision"
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    {
      "slug": "section-by-section",
      "term": "Section-by-section",
      "category": "congress",
      "plain": "A summary document, usually written by a committee, walking through what each section of a bill does in ordinary prose.",
      "more": "Useful for orientation and not authoritative: it is a description of the text by people advocating for it, not the text.",
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        "label": "GovInfo — congressional committee reports",
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        "kind": "official"
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      "url": "/plain/#section-by-section"
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      "slug": "state-law",
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      "category": "congress",
      "plain": "The laws of the fifty states, which we name here as something this site does not yet cover.",
      "more": "It is listed in our own map of sources as uncaptured. Saying so is the point: a reader should be able to tell what we have chosen not to collect from what we simply failed to collect.",
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        "label": "Library of Congress — guide to state and territory law",
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        "kind": "official"
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      "url": "/plain/#state-law"
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    {
      "slug": "capture",
      "term": "Capture",
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      "plain": "One recorded attempt to fetch one document at one moment, kept whether it worked or not.",
      "more": "A capture that returned nothing is still a capture, and it is still stored. “We looked and the page was gone” and “we never looked” are different facts about the world, and a record that cannot distinguish them cannot be checked.",
      "canonical": {
        "label": "Our term. The design record is not published.",
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      "url": "/plain/#capture"
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      "slug": "content-address",
      "term": "Content address (hash)",
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      "plain": "A short fingerprint computed from a file’s exact bytes, used as its name — change one character and the fingerprint changes completely.",
      "more": "Storing documents under their fingerprint means we cannot quietly edit one after the fact: the altered copy would not match the name it is filed under. It also means an unchanged document is recognised as unchanged rather than stored twice.",
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        "label": "NIST FIPS 180-4 — SHA-256",
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      "url": "/plain/#content-address"
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    {
      "slug": "provenance",
      "term": "Provenance",
      "category": "method",
      "plain": "The record of where a piece of information came from and when — which URL, fetched at which moment, returning which exact bytes.",
      "more": "Every number on this site is supposed to be traceable back through provenance to a government document you can open yourself. If something here cannot be traced that way, that is a defect, not a style choice.",
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        "label": "Our term — shown in the provenance block on every day page",
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        "kind": "ours"
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    {
      "slug": "citation",
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      "plain": "The pointer from a claim on this site back to the exact government document that supports it.",
      "more": "The Federal Register’s HTML and XML versions are convenience renderings; the PDF is the official text. Where the two could differ, the PDF is the one to cite, and our links say so.",
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        "label": "Federal Register — legal status of its editions",
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    {
      "slug": "as-of",
      "term": "as_of (point-in-time)",
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      "plain": "A stamp saying which day’s knowledge a page reflects, so you can ask what was known on a past date instead of only what is known now.",
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